What is the term used for the study and mapping of the earth's surface and features?

The term that refers to the study and mapping of the earth's surface and features is Geography. Geography encompasses not only the physical characteristics of the earth's terrain and features but also the human interactions with these landscapes. It involves understanding spatial relationships, patterns, and the processes that shape the location of various elements on the earth.

Cartography, while related, specifically focuses on the art and science of map-making. It is an essential tool within geography but does not encompass the entirety of studying and mapping the earth's surface and features. Geomorphology deals mainly with the formation and change of landforms, focusing on the shapes and processes of the earth's surface rather than a broader geographical study. Hydrology focuses explicitly on water and its properties, distribution, and effects on the environment, thus it does not cover all features of the earth's surface.

Consequently, Geography serves as the most encompassing term for the study and mapping of the earth's surface and features, making it the appropriate choice.