What term was used to describe anyone outside the Roman Empire?

The term "Barbarian" was historically used by the Romans to describe anyone outside the boundaries of the Roman Empire. This label denoted a sense of cultural superiority, as the Romans viewed themselves as sophisticated and civilized compared to the various tribes and peoples that existed beyond their empire, such as the Germanic tribes, Celts, and others. These groups were often perceived through a lens of misunderstanding and bias, as the Roman culture, language, and governance were seen as the standard.

The use of "Barbarian" signifies the Romans' perspective on these groups, which they believed were foreign and lacked the societal structures and norms that defined Roman civilization. This term reflected not only a geographical distinction but also a perceived cultural and civilizational difference.

In contrast, "Civilian" refers to non-military members of society, which doesn't capture the specific cultural connotation associated with being outside the empire. "Provincial" pertains to the regions within the empire, indicating areas that were under Roman control, and does not apply to those outside the empire. "Outlander" is a more modern term that implies someone from outside a certain area but does not carry the historical weight or specific connotations associated with the Roman view of non-Romans