Which modern-day region corresponds to the ancient Indus Valley?

The ancient Indus Valley Civilization, known for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and remarkable drainage systems, predominantly thrived in what is now modern-day Pakistan. The heart of this civilization was located along the Indus River, which flows primarily through Pakistan. Major archaeological sites, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, are situated within the borders of present-day Pakistan, illustrating the region's significance in early human history.

While parts of the ancient civilization extended into northwest India, the largest and most significant archaeological discoveries associated with the Indus Valley are firmly within Pakistan. Thus, when identifying the region that corresponds to the ancient Indus Valley, Pakistan is the most accurate choice due to its central role and rich archaeological findings from that era.