Which of the following is NOT associated with the concept of Ekistics?

The concept of Ekistics, established by the Greek architect Constantinos Doxiadis, focuses on the study of human settlements and the ways in which people interact with their environment. It encompasses a variety of disciplines, including architecture, urban planning, sociology, and environmental science, to create comprehensive and harmonious living spaces.

Sustainable communities, urban integration, and social accessibility are all aspects that align closely with Ekistics. Sustainable communities emphasize the importance of creating environmentally responsible and economically viable living environments. Urban integration pertains to the blending of different urban fabrics, ensuring that various sectors of society can coexist, while social accessibility addresses the need for all community members to have equal access to resources, facilities, and social networks.

Historical fortifications, however, do not align with the core principles of Ekistics. While they are significant in the context of historical architecture and urban development, fortifications are typically concerned with defense rather than the holistic integration of living and working spaces that Ekistics promotes. Thus, this concept is more about contemporary human settlements and the dynamics of urban life rather than historical defensive structures.